Social media uses amongst adolescents: motives, minority stress and eudaimonic well-being / Uso de redes sociales en adolescentes: motivación, estrés de minorías y bienestar eudaimónico

Introduction: The scientific evidence regarding the effects of online social media use on the well-being of adolescents is mixed. In gen-eral, passive uses (receiving, viewing content without interacting) and more screen time are related to lower well-being when compared with active uses (direct interactions and interpersonal exchanges). Objectives:This study ex-amines the types and motives for social media usage amongst adolescents, differentiating them by gender identity and sexual orientation, as well as its effects on eudaimonic well-being and minority stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1259 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 (M= 16.19; SD= 1.08), analysing the Scale of Motives for Using Social Net-working Sites, eudaimonic well-being, the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory, screen time and profile type. Results:The results found that longer use time is related to finding partners, social connection and friendships; that gay and bisexual (GB) adolescents perceive more distal stressors online;and that females have higher levels of well-being. Discus-sion: The public profiles of GB males increase self-expression, although minority stress can be related to discrimination, rejection or exclusion. Dif-ferentiated socialization may contribute to a higher level of well-being in females, with both active and passive uses positively effecting eudaimonic well-being in adolescents.(AU)

Introduction: The scientific evidence regarding the effects of online social media use on the well-being of adolescents is mixed. In general, passive uses (receiving, viewing content without interacting) and more screen time are related to lower well-being when compared with active uses (direct interactions and interpersonal exchanges). Objectives: This study examines the types and motives for social media usage amongst adolescents, differentiating them by gender identity and sexual orientation, as well as its effects on eudaimonic well-being and minority stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1259 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 (M = 16.19; SD = 1.08), analysing the Scale of Motives for Using Social Networking Sites, eudaimonic well-being, the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory, screen time and profile type. Results: The results found that longer use time is related to finding partners, social connection and friendships; that gay and bisexual (GB) adolescents perceive more distal stressors online; and that females have higher levels of well-being. Discussion: The public profiles of GB males increase self-expression, although minority stress can be related to discrimination, rejection or exclusion. Differentiated socialization may contribute to a higher level of well-being in females, with both active and passive uses positively effecting eudaimonic well-being in adolescents.(AU)

[Sex as a moderating variable of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in childhood]. / Sexo como variable moderadora de la sintomatología internalizante y externalizante en la infancia.

OBJECTIVE: One in one hundred minors has some mental health problem. Symptomatology varies according to gender. Most research has been conducted with the general population. The objective of this paper was to analyze the moderating role of sex in the presence of internalizing (emotional disorders, anxiety and depression) and externalizing symptomatology (behavioral disorders and hyperactivity) in childhood, as well as to compare the general population with the clinical population. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 552 boys and girls between ten and twelve years of age, 94 mental health patients and 458 schoolchildren. Participants completed self-report measures: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Cas), Modified Depression Scale (MDS) and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and multivariate and univariate mean comparisons were performed by parametric and re-sampling procedures. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between clinical and school population groups in externalizing, internalizing and depressive symptomatology (p<0.001). No sex differences were found in externalizing and depressive symptomatology. Sex differences were found in internalizing symptoms (p<0.001, pboot<0.001) as well as group interaction effects (p=0.016), girls had higher scores than boys, with greater differences in the clinical group (p<0.001, pboot=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Research with mental health patients is essential to verify the existence or not of differences with the general population as well as differences by sex, which will allow adapting preventive and intervention strategies to each case.

OBJETIVO: Uno de cada cien menores tiene algún problema de salud mental. La sintomatología varía según el sexo. La mayoría de las investigaciones son realizadas con población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel moderador del sexo en la presencia de sintomatología internalizante (alteraciones emocionales, ansiedad y depresión) y externalizante (alteraciones comportamentales e hiperactividad) en la infancia, así como comparar población general con población clínica. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 552 niños y niñas entre diez y doce años, 94 pacientes de salud mental y 458 escolares. Los participantes cumplimentaron medidas de autoinforme: Cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ-Cas), Escala de depresión modificada (Modified Depression Scale, MDS) y un cuestionario de información sociodemográfica. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron los estadísticos descriptivos y comparaciones de medias multivariantes y univariantes, por procedimientos paramétricos y de remuestreo. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos clínico y de la población escolar en sintomatología externalizante, internalizante y depresiva (p<0,001). No se hallaron diferencias de sexo en sintomatología externalizante ni depresiva. En los síntomas internalizantes se encontraron diferencias de sexo (p<0,001, pboot<0,001), así como efectos de interacción con el grupo (p=0,016). Las niñas tuvieron puntuaciones más altas que los niños, con mayores diferencias en el grupo clínico (p<0,001, pboot=0,003). CONCLUSIONES: Las investigaciones con pacientes de salud mental son fundamentales para verificar la existencia o no de diferencias con la población general, así como las diferencias por sexo, lo que permitirá adaptar las estrategias preventivas y de intervención a cada caso.

Sexo como variable moderadora de la sintomatología internalizante y externalizante en la infancia / Sex as a moderating variable of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in childhood

Fundamentos: Uno de cada cien menores tiene algún problema de salud mental. La sintomatología varía según el sexo. Lamayoría de las investigaciones son realizadas con población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel moderador delsexo en la presencia de sintomatología internalizante (alteraciones emocionales, ansiedad y depresión) y externalizante (alteracionescomportamentales e hiperactividad) en la infancia, así como comparar población general con población clínica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 552 niños y niñas entre diez y doce años, 94 pacientes de salud mentaly 458 escolares. Los participantes cumplimentaron medidas de autoinforme:Cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades (Strengthsand Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ-Cas),Escala de depresión modificada (Modified Depression Scale, MDS) y un cuestionario deinformación sociodemográfica. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron los estadísticos descriptivos y comparaciones de medias multivariantes y univariantes, por procedimientos paramétricos y de remuestreo. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos clínico y de la población escolar ensintomatología externalizante, internalizante y depresiva (p<0,001). No se hallaron diferencias de sexo en sintomatología externalizante ni depresiva. En los síntomas internalizantes se encontraron diferencias de sexo (p<0,001, pboot<0,001), así como efectos deinteracción con el grupo (p=0,016). Las niñas tuvieron puntuaciones más altas que los niños, con mayores diferencias en el grupoclínico (p<0,001, pboot=0,003). Conclusiones: Las investigaciones con pacientes de salud mental son fundamentales para verificar la existencia o no dediferencias con la población general, así como las diferencias por sexo, lo que permitirá adaptar las estrategias preventivas y deintervención a cada caso.(AU)

Background: One in one hundred minors has some mental health problem. Symptomatology varies according to gender. Mostresearch has been conducted with the general population. The objective of this paper was to analyze the moderating role of sex inthe presence of internalizing (emotional disorders, anxiety and depression) and externalizing symptomatology (behavioral disordersand hyperactivity) in childhood, as well as to compare the general population with the clinical population. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 552 boys and girls between ten and twelve years of age, 94 mentalhealth patients and 458 schoolchildren. Participants completed self-report measures:Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Cas),Modified Depression Scale (MDS) and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics andmultivariate and univariate mean comparisons were performed by parametric and re-sampling procedures. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between clinical and school population groups in externalizing, internalizing and depressive symptomatology (p<0.001). No sex differences were found in externalizing and depressive symptomatology.Sex differences were found in internalizing symptoms (p<0.001, pboot <0.001) as well as group interaction effects (p=0.016), girls hadhigher scores than boys, with greater differences in the clinical group (p<0.001, pboot=0.003). Conclusions: Research with mental health patients is essential to verify the existence or not of differences with the generalpopulation as well as differences by sex, which will allow adapting preventive and intervention strategies to each case.(AU)

PRO-Mueve Relaciones Sanas - A Gender-Based Violence Prevention Program for Adolescents: Assessment of Its Efficacy in the First Year of Intervention.

PRO-Mueve Relaciones Sanas (PRO-Mote Healthy Relationships) is a gender-based violence and dating violence prevention program targeted at adolescents. The program has been designed to be implemented during three consecutive courses [from the first to third year of Spanish mandatory secondary education (ESO)] in 8 annual sessions, imparted by university students who have been previously trained and supervised by university professors. The present study evaluates the effects of the program after the first year of implementation through a quasi-experimental design (Intervention Group N = 181; Quasi-control group N = 62; M age = 12.11; SDage = 0.57; 54.7% girls) and assesses whether there are gender differences in the outcomes. The results obtained evidenced a significant reduction in benevolent sexism in the intervention group compared to the quasi-control group. Regarding hostile sexism, it was found to increase significantly in the quasi-control group, while it remained stable in the intervention group. Thus, there were significant differences between both groups after the intervention. Likewise, romantic love myths were found to decrease significantly, and knowledge about gender-based violence increased significantly in the intervention group between the two time points assessed, although there were no significant differences with the quasi-control group. No gender differences in the outcomes of the program were observed. The obtained results supported the efficacy of the program during the first year of intervention in the first course of the ESO and laid the foundation for the following phases of intervention.